CHIBHOKISI: NHOROONDO, ZVINOKONZERA, ZVIRATIDZO, KUONGORORA UYE KURAPA

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Usatadza

Kumba Hutano Kukanganisa kurapa Kukanganiswa Kurapa oi-Neha Ghosh Na Neha Ghosh musi waMay 27, 2020| Yakaongororwa Na Sneha Krishnan

Chibhokisi ndicho chirwere chinopararira zvikuru chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwevavarola (VARV), hwerudzi rweOrthopoxvirus. Chakanga chiri chimwe chezvirwere zvinotapukira zvikuru zvinozivikanwa kuvanhu. Nyaya yekupedzisira yechibhokisi yakaonekwa muSomalia muna 1977 uye muna 1980, World Health Organisation (WHO) yakazivisa kupedzwa kwechibhokisi. [1] .

Nhoroondo YeChibhokisi [piri]

Chibhokisi chinofungidzirwa kuti chakatangira kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kweAfrica muna10 000 BC uye kubva ipapo chaigona kunge chakapararira kuenda kuIndia nevatengesi vekare vekuIjipita. Humbowo hwekutanga hwezvipembenene zveganda rakafanana nerechibhokisi chakaonekwa pazviso zvemamiwi muEgypt yekare.

Muzana ramakore rechishanu nerechinomwe, chibhokisi chakaonekwa muEurope uye chakava denda mukati menguva dzepakati. Pagore, vanhu zviuru mazana mana vakafa nechirwere chechibhokisi uye chetatu chevakapona vakapofomara muzana ramakore rechi18 muEurope.

Hosha yakazopararira munzira dzekutengeserana kuenda kune dzimwe nyika.

www.chatango.com

Chii chinonzi Chibhokisi?

Chibhokisi chinoratidzirwa nemablisters akakomba anoonekwa nenzira yakateedzana uye anosiya mavanga anokanganisa muviri. Aya mablister anozadza nechena fluid uye gare gare pus uye ozoita makrisiti ayo anozopedzisira aoma nekudonha.

Chibhokisi chakange chiri chirwere chinotapukira chinotapukira chakakonzerwa noutachiona hwevavarola. Variola inouya kubva kuLatin izwi varius, zvichireva zvakasviba kana kubva kuvarus, zvinoreva mucherechedzo paganda [3] .

Hutachiona hwevaolaola hune hutachiona hweDNA genome, izvo zvinoreva kuti ine tambo mbiri dzeDNA dzakamonyaniswa pamwe nehurefu hwe190 kbp [4] . Poxviruses inodzokorora mu cytoplasm yemaseru anotambira kwete iyo nucleus yemaseru anotapukira.

Paavhareji, vanhu vatatu pagumi vakawana chibhokisi vakafa uye avo vakapona vakasara nemavanga.

Vazhinji vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti makore anosvika zviuru zvitanhatu - zviuru gumi zvakapfuura kudzidziswa kwemhuka, kuvandudzwa kwekurimwa kwepasi uye kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo hombe dzevanhu zvakagadzira mamiriro akatungamira kubuda kwechibhokisi. [5] .

Nekudaro, sekureva kwechidzidzo chakaburitswa mupepanhau reClinical Infectious Diseases, variola hutachiona hunogona kunge hwakatamisirwa kuvanhu kuburikidza nemuchinjikwa wemhando dzakasiyana kubva kune wevashakabvu. [6] .

Mhando dzeChibhokisi [7]

Chirwere chibhokisi chine mhando mbiri:

• Variola makuru - Iyo yakakomba uye yakajairika fomu yechibhokisi chine huwandu hwekufa hwe30 muzana. Inokonzera kupisa kwakanyanya uye mapundu makuru. Kazhinji (fomu yakajairika), yakashandurwa (fomu yakaoma uye yaizoitika kune vanhu vakambobaiwa jekiseni), yakati sandara uye inobuda ropa ndiwo marudzi mana evaolaola makuru. Flat uye hemorrhagic ndiyo isingawanzo mhando dzechibhokisi icho chinowanzo kuuraya. Iyo incubation nguva ye hemorrhagic chibhokisi yakanyanya kupfupika uye pakutanga, zvakaoma kuti uiongorore sebhokisi.

• Variola madiki - Variola diki inozivikanwa se alastrim inzira isina kusimba yechibhokisi yakanga ine huwandu hwekufa kweimwe muzana kana pasi. Izvo zvinokonzeresa mashoma zviratidzo sekushomeka kwakanyanya uye kukuvadza.

Chibhokisi Chinopararira Sei?

Chirwere ichi chinopararira kana munhu akabatwa nechibhokisi achikosora kana kuhotsira uye madonhwe ekufema aburitswa mumukanwa kana mumhuno nekufemerwa nemumwe munhu ane hutano.

Utachiona hwacho hunofemerwa hwobva hwadzika pasi hwotapukira maseru anofukidza muromo, huro uye nzira yekufema. Mvura yemuviri inotapukirwa kana zvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvakadai semubhedha kana zvipfeko zvinogonawo kuparadzira chibhokisi [8] .

Zviratidzo zvechibhokisi

Mushure mekutapukirwa nehutachiona, iyo incubation nguva iri pakati pe7-19 mazuva (avhareji 10-14 mazuva) Munguva iyi, hutachiona hunodzokororwazve mumuviri, asi munhu anogona asingawanzo kuratidza zviratidzo zvakawanda uye anogona kutaridza nekunzwa kugwinya . Dr Sneha vanoti, 'Kunyangwe munhu wacho asymptomatic, vanogona kunge vaine low grade fivhiri kana hushoma hushoma hunogona kunge husinga nyatsooneka'.

Mushure menguva yekudzivirira, zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinotanga kuoneka, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kupisa zvakanyanya

• Kusvipa

• Kutemwa nemusoro

• Kurwadziwa kwemuviri

• Kuneta kwakanyanya

• Kutambudzika kwakanyanya kumashure

Mushure meaya maratidziro ekutanga, kuputika kunoratidzika kunge madiki madema matsvuku pamuromo nerurimi zvinogara kwemazuva angangoita mana.

Aya mavara madiki matsvuku anochinja kuita maronda uye anopararira mumuromo nehuro uyezve kuenda kunhengo dzese dzemuviri mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana. Iyi nhanho inotora mazuva mana. Dr Sneha vanoti, 'Kugoverwa kwekumhanyisa kwakajairika kwechibhokisi: inoonekwa pekutanga kumeso, maoko nepamberi uye ndokuzopararira kuchigunha nekumagumo (kuonekera kwakateerana). Izvi zvakakosha mukusiyanisa diki pox kubva kuvaricella hutachiona '.

Pazuva rechina, maronda anozara nehutsi hwakakora kusvikira mafosi aumba pamusoro pemabundu anogara kwemazuva gumi. Mushure meizvozvo mapanga anotanga kudonha, achisiya mavanga paganda. Iyi nhanho inogara kwemazuva angangoita matanhatu.

Kana macavhu ese adonha chete, munhu anenge asisatapurirane.

Ndeupi Musiyano uripo Pakati peChibhokisi Uye Nyuchi?

Dr Sneha vanoti, 'Rudzi rudiki rwechiva runotanga kuonekwa kumeso ndokuzofamba richienda kumutumbi uye pakupedzisira nemitezo yepazasi nepo pox kukukura uku kunoonekwa pachipfuva uye padumbu nzvimbo kutanga kwobva kwapararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo (kazhinji kacho zvanza nemaoko). Iyo nguva yakasara pakati pefivha nekukurumidza kukurumidza kunogona kusiana mune dzimwe nguva '.

Kuongororwa Kwechibhokisi

Kuti uone kana mapundu ari chibhokisi, maCentre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) anokurudzira kushandisa algorithm 'Kuongorora Varwere veChibhokisi: Acute, Generalized Vesicular kana Pustular Rash Illness Protocol' inova nzira yakajairika yekutarisa varwere vane mapundu zvirwere ne kupa kiriniki nzira dzekusiyanisa chibhokisi kubva kune zvimwe zvirwere zvekupenga [9] .

Chiremba anozoongorora mumuviri murwere uye obvunza nezve yavo yazvino nhoroondo yekufamba, nhoroondo yezvokurapa, kusangana nemhuka dzinorwara kana dzekunze, zviratidzo zvakatanga kusati kwatanga kumhanyisa, kusangana nevanhu chero vanorwara, nhoroondo yekutanga varicella kana herpes zoster uye nhoroondo yevaricella kubaya.

Iyo yekuongororwa nzira yechibhokisi inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Kuva nefivhiri inopfuura 101 ° F uye kuva nechimwe chezviratidzo zvinova kutonhora, kurutsa, kutemwa nemusoro, kurwadziwa nemusana, kurwadziwa mudumbu zvakanyanya uye kugwadama.

• Maronda anowanikwa pane chero chikamu chimwe chemuviri senge kumeso nemaoko.

• maronda akasimba kana akaomarara uye akatenderera.

• Maronda ekutanga anoonekwa mukati memuromo, kumeso nemaoko.

• Maronda pamaoko uye pasi petsoka.

Kudzivirira Uye Kurapa Kwechibhokisi

Hapana mushonga wechibhokisi, asi kubhowa chibhokisi kunogona kudzivirira munhu kubva kubhomba kwenguva inosvika makore matatu kusvika mashanu, mushure mezvo dziviriro yaro inoderera. Mishonga inodzivirira inodiwa kuitira kudzivirira kwenguva refu kubva kubhokisi, maererano neCDC [10] .

Mushonga wechibhokisi unogadzirwa nehutachiona hwevaccinia, poxvirus yakafanana nechibhokisi. Mushonga uyu une hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehupenyu, uye kwete hutachiona hwakaurawa kana kushaya simba.

Mushonga wechibhokisi unopihwa uchishandisa tsono yakabatidzwa mumushonga wekudzivirira. Kana chabviswa, tsono inobata donhodzo remushonga uye ndokubaya muganda kagumi nesekondi. Mushonga uyu unowanzo kupihwa muchanza chepamusoro uye kana mushonga wacho ukabudirira, chironda chitsvuku uye chinoruma chinowanikwa munzvimbo yakabayiwa mumazuva matatu kusvika mana.

Pakati pevhiki rekutanga, chironda chinova bharasha rakazara mafinya uye rinobuda. Mukati mevhiki rechipiri, maronda aya anooma otanga kuumba mavhunze. Pakati pevhiki rechitatu, maronda anodonha uye achisiya vanga paganda.

Mushonga unofanirwa kupihwa munhu asati abata hutachiona uye mukati memazuva matatu kana manomwe abatwa nehutachiona. Mushonga uyu hauzodziviriri munhu kana chiva chibhokisi chikaonekwa paganda.

Muna 1944, mushonga wechibhokisi wechibhokisi unonzi dryvax wakapihwa rezinesi uye wakagadzirwa kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma1980 apo WHO yakazivisa kubviswa kwechibhokisi. [gumi neimwe] .

Sekureva kweU.S. Food and Drug Administration, parizvino, pane mushonga wechibhokisi wechibhokisi unonzi ACAM2000, uyo wakapihwa rezenisi musi wa31 Nyamavhuvhu 2007. Mushonga uyu unozivikanwa kuti unoita kuti vanhu vari panjodzi huru yechirwere chechibhokisi vadzivirirwe. Nekudaro, iyo inokonzeresa zvakashata mhedzisiro senge matambudziko emoyo senge myocarditis uye pericarditis [12] .

Musi wa2 Chivabvu 2005, CBER yakapa rezinesi Vaccinia Immune Globulin, Intravenous (VIGIV), iyo inoshandiswa pakurapa matambudziko asinganyanyi akakomba ejekiseni rechibhokisi.

Mushonga wechibhokisi unova nemhedzisiro ine hunyoro kusvika kune yakakomba. Hunyoro mhedzisiro unosanganisira kupisa muviri, tsandanyama aches, kuneta, kurwadziwa nemusoro, kuda kurutsa, rashes, kusuruvara, setiraiti maronda uye nharaunda lymphadenopathy.

Muma1960s, zvakakomba mhedzisiro yekudzivirira chibhokisi kwakaziviswa muUnited States, uye izvi zvaisanganisira kubaya nhabvu inofambira mberi (1.5 miriyoni majekiseni), eczema vaccinatum (majekiseni mamirioni makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe), postvaccinial encephalitis (majekiseni mamirioni gumi nemaviri), generalized vaccinia (241 mamirioni majekiseni ) uye kunyangwe kufa (majekiseni 1 miriyoni) [13] .

Ndiani Anofanirwa Kujowa?

• Mushandi wemumarabhoritari anoshanda nehutachiona hunokonzera chibhokisi kana zvimwe hutachiona hwakafanana nahwo anofanira kubayiwa jekiseni (izvi zvinoitika kana pasina chibhokisi chakamuka).

• Munhu anenge abuda pachena kuhutachiona hwechibhokisi kuburikidza nekubatana chiso nechiso nemunhu ane chibhokisi anofanira kubayiwa jekiseni (izvi zvinoitika pakatanga chibhokisi) [14] .

Ndiani Asingafanirwe Kujowa?

Sekureva kweWHO, vanhu vane kana vane mamiriro eganda, kunyanya eczema kana atopic dermatitis, vanhu vasina simba rekuzvidzivirira, vanhu vane HIV uye vanhu vari kurapwa kurapwa nekenza havafanirwe kuwana chibhokisi chibhokisi kunze kwekunge vaoneswa chirwere. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenjodzi yavo yekuwedzera kuve nemhedzisiro.

Vakadzi vane nhumbu havafanirwe kuwana mushonga nekuti unogona kukuvadza chibereko. Kuyamwisa vakadzi nevana vadiki pane gumi nemaviri emakore ekuberekwa havafanirwe kuwana chibhokisi chibhokisi [gumi neshanu] .

Chii Chaunofanira Kuita Mushure mekunge Wavharirwa?

• Nzvimbo yekudzivirira inofanirwa kuvharwa nechimedu che gauze netepi yekubatsira kwekutanga. Onai kuti pane kufefetera chaiko kwemweya uye hapana zvinwiwa zvinopinda mairi.

• Pfeka shati yakazara-maoko kuitira kuti ivhara bhandeji.

• Chengetedza nzvimbo yacho kuti iome uye usabvumire kuti inyorove. Kana ikanyorova, ichinje pakarepo.

• Fukidza nzvimbo yacho nebhandeji risina mvura paunenge uchigeza uye usagovane matauro.

• Chinja bhandeji mazuva matatu ega ega.

Geza maoko mushure mekubata nhomba.

• Usabata nzvimbo uye usabvumire vamwe kuibata kana zvinhu zvakaita semachira, mabhandeji, machira uye mbatya zvakabata nzvimbo yakabayiwa jekiseni.

Geza mbatya dzako mumvura inopisa ne detergent kana bleach.

• Bhandiji raishandiswa rinofanira kukandwa mumabhegi epurasitiki uye ndokukanda muguruva.

• Muhomwe yepurasitiki, isa mazvibvu ese akadonha wobva warasa [16] .

Chibhokisi Chakadzorwa Sei Kare?

Musiyano, wakatumidzwa mushure mehutachiona hunokonzera chibhokisi ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekutanga dzekudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere chechibhokisi. Kusiyanisa yaive nzira yekudzivirira munhu asina kumbobvira ave nechibhokisi nekushandisa chinhu kubva muchibhokisi chechivhuru chemurwere ane hutachiona. Izvo zvaiitwa pamwe nekukwasva zvinhu zvacho muruoko kana kuzvifuridza nemumhino uye vanhu vakagadzira zviratidzo zvakaita sefivha uye mapundu.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakati pe1 muzana kusvika pazvikamu zviviri muzana zvevanhu vakange vaita mutsauko vakafa kana zvichienzaniswa ne30 muzana yevanhu vakafa pavakabata chibhokisi. Nekudaro, mutsauko une njodzi dzakawanda, murwere anogona kufa kana mumwe munhu anogona kubatira chirwere kubva kumurwere.

Huwandu hwekufa kwemusiyano hwakanga hwadzikira kakapetwa kagumi zvichienzaniswa nechibhokisi [17] .

Kazhinji FAQs

Mubvunzo: Chibhokisi chichiripo here?

TO. Parizvino, hapana mishumo yekubuda kwechibhokisi kwese kwese pasirese. Zvisinei, zvidiki zvehutachiona hwechibhokisi zvichiripo mumarabhoritari maviri ekutsvaga muRussia neUSA.

Q. Nei chibhokisi chaive chakauraya zvakadaro?

TO . Chaive chinouraya nekuti chaive chirwere chemumhepo chinowanzopararira nekukurumidza kubva kune mumwe munhu ane hutachiona kuenda kune mumwe.

Q. Vangani vakafa nechibhokisi?

TO . Inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vane mamirioni mazana matatu vakafa nechibhokisi muzana ramakore rechi20.

Mubvunzo: Chibhokisi chichazombodzoka here?

TO . Kwete, asi hurumende dzinotenda kuti hutachiona hwechibhokisi huripo munzvimbo dzisiri marabhoritari dzinogona kuburitswa nemaune kukuvadza.

Mubvunzo: Ndiani asingabatirwe nechibhokisi?

TO. Vanhu vakabaiwa majekiseni anodzivirirwa nechibhokisi.

Q. Ndiani akawana mushonga wechibhokisi?

TO . Muna 1796, Edward Jenner akaedza nesainzi kudzora chibhokisi nekushandisa nemaune mushonga wekubayisa.

Mubvunzo: chibhokisi chakagara kwenguva yakareba zvakadii?

TO . Sekureva kweWHO, chibhokisi chave chiripo kweanenge makore zviuru zvitatu.